ABSTRACT

Phytochemical screening of euphorbiaceae members were carried out for understanding their solvent solubility. Qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites was performed for the presence of Alkaloids, Tannins, Proteins, Flavonoids, Phenols, Steroids, Saponins, Quinines, Glycosides, Carbohydrates and Amino acid. The results revealed that in all studied species (viz. Euphorbia tirucalli, Chrozophora rottleri and Phyllanthus reticulates) shows negative response for steroids test indicates usefulness of these plants as food and fodder. It is evidence from result & literature available presence of phenol indicates their medicinal usefulness of these plants. The results also revealed that euphorbiaceae members have maximum phytochemicals which are soluble in organic solvent.

Key words: Phytochemical screening, Euphorbiaceae members, Solvent solubility.

ABSTRACT

A simple reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic assay method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of montelukast and doxofylline from bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The chromatographic separation was achieved on phenomenex C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm id, 5 μm particle size) column by using the mobile phase composition of acetonitrile: methanol: ammonium acetate buffer (70:10:20 v/v, pH 5.5), the detection of analyte was done at 274 and 347 nm for doxofylline and montelukast respectively by PDA detector. Montelukast and doxofylline obeys Beer Lambert’s law in the concentration range from 3-9 μg/ml and 120-360 μg/ml. LOD was found to be 0.0025 μg/ml and 0.0078 μg/ml and LOQ was found to be 0.0076 μg/ml and 0.0235 μg/ml for montelukast and doxofylline respectively.

Key words: RP-HPLC, Doxofylline, Montelukast, validation.

ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to develop extended release tablets of Etodolac 200mg. Etodolac tablets were prepared by direct compression method by using polymers like hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose E-15, E-50, xanthan gum & guargum. The drug –excipient mixtures were subjected to preformulation studies. The tablets were subjected to physico chemical studies, in-vitro drug release, drug content studies. FTIR studies shown there was no interaction between drug & polymer. The physicochemical properties of tablets were found within limits. Etodolac is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis &analgesic. The drug release from optimized formulation was seen for 12 hours. The calculated regression coefficient showed higher R2values with Higuchi models & zero order kinetics. It is clear through dissolution profiles of Etodolac matrix tablets prepared using different proportions of HPMC E50 that, this is a better controlled release polymer. Key words: Extended release, Guar gum, HPMC E15, HPMC E50, Matrix tablets, Xanthan gum.

The aim of the present work is to formulate and evaluate pH triggered osmotic pump tablet of prednisolone to improve the bioavailability and target the drug to ileo-colonic, this will also increase patient compliance. Osmotic pump tablets of prednisolone were prepared by making molecular inclusion with beta cyclodextrin. These inclusion complexes were used in the formulation of controlled porosity osmotic pump with different concentrations of osmogens. Wet granulation technique was employed in making the granules. pH sensitive coating is done with mixture of Eudragit L100 and Eudragit S100, which dissolves at pH above 6.8. Formulated tablet were characterized by pre-compression and post compression parameters. The in-vitro drug release studies were performed in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. All the results were in the standard limits of I.P. Formulated dosage form can be effective alternative to conventional dosage form, which can be effectively used in the treatment of several, Bowel disease, Ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Cancer, etc.

Key words: pH sensitive, Osmotic pump, Molecular inclusion, β-cyclodextrin, Osmogens, Zero order release.

ABSTRACT

Microspheres are sub-micron size polymeric drug carrier systems in which the therapeutic agents are loaded micrometer. These particles consist of core material, which is the drug, and a coating material. Microspheres are considered as a very promising controlled and targeted drug delivery system. The formulation and clinical application of microspheres is based on the physicochemical pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties of drugs. Cefdinir is a beta-lactam antibiotic and is mainly bactericidal. Cefdinir inhibits the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by preferentially binding to specific penicillin binding proteins; those are located inside the bacterial cell wall. Cefdinir is the third generation anti-biotic used for the treatment of community -acquired pneumonia, acute bacterial otitis media and uncompleted skin and skin structure infections in adult and pediatric patient. Incorporation of Cefdinir in polymeric microspheres can successfully increase the biological half-life and reduce the therapeutic dose of their drug, thereby minimizing the adverse drug reaction. Cefdinir microspheres were formulated by emulsion solvent evaporation method using ethyl cellulose polymer. All the above studies reveal that the microsphere can serve as an ideal drug delivery system for Cefdinir. Further studies can be done on the stability of cefdinir-loaded microspheres and the improvement in therapeutic efficacy due to the targeting effect on to the specific receptor sites.

Key words: Microspheres, Cefdinir, Antibiotic, Ethyl Cellulose and chloroform.

ABSTRACT

The names nanobots, nanoids, nanites, nanomachines or nanomites have also been used to describe these devices currently under research and development. The first useful applications of nanomachines might be in medical technology, which could be used to identify and destroy cancer cells. Another potential application is the detection of toxic chemicals, and the measurement of their concentrations, in the environment.

Key words: Nanorobotics, Application, Nubots, Biochip.

ABSTRACT

Formulation of highly lipophilic drugs has been the major challenge because of the poor oral bioavailability. One of the most promising technologies are the nanoemulsion drug delivery system, which is being applied to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic drugs. As the drug is lipophilic in nature it can be easily soluble into the oil phase that is used in the formulation of the nanoemulsions and also reduced particle size to the nanometer range favors the formulation to achieve more surface area there by solubility of the lipophilic drug can be achieved. As the solubility always relates to bioavailability as directly proportional therefore finally it results in the enhanced bioavailability of the drug. As it is the two phase system the stability of the formulation can be maintained by a surfactant and co-surfactant. Nanoemulsions have many advantages, including clarity, high stability, and ease of preparation. Hence it has proved the best alternative for the formulation of highly lipophilic drugs.

Key words: Nanoemulsion, surfactant, oil, co-surfactant.

ABSTRACT

The poor solubility and low dissolution rate of poorly water soluble drugs in the aqueous gastro-intestinal fluids often cause insufficient bioavailability rather than the limited permeation through the epithelial and the formulation of poorly soluble drugs for oral delivery now presents one of the major challenges to formulation scientists in the industries. The term ‘solubility’ is defined as maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent. Quantitatively it is defined as the concentration of the solute in a saturated solution at a certain temperature. In qualitative terms, solubility may be defined as the spontaneous interaction of two or more substances to form a homogenous molecular dispersion. Improving oral bioavailability of drugs those given as solid dosage forms remains a challenge for the formulation scientists due to solubility problems. The dissolution rate could be the rate-limiting process in the absorption of a drug from a solid dosage form of relatively insoluble drugs. Therefore increase in dissolution of poorly soluble drugs by solid dispersion technique presents a challenge to the formulation scientists. Solid dispersion techniques have attracted considerable interest of improving the dissolution rate of highly lipophilic drugs thereby improving their bioavailability by reducing drug particle size, improving wettability and forming amorphous particles. Solubility is a most important parameter for the oral bio availability of poorly soluble drugs. Dissolution of drug is the rate determining step for oral absorption of the poorly water soluble drugs, which can subsequently affect the in vivo absorption of drug.

Key words: Solid dispersions, Oral bioavailability, Liphophilic drugs, Solubility.

ABSTRACT

Microspheres offer the possibility of local noninvasive delivery of drugs over an extended period of time. Biologically adhesive delivery systems offer important advantages ^over conventional drug delivery systems. Here we show that engineered polymer microspheres made of biologically erodable polymers, which display strong adhesive interactions with gastrointestinal mucus and cellular linings, can traverse both the mucosal absorptive epithelium and the follicle-associated epithelium covering the lymphoid tissue of Peyer\'s patches. The polymers maintain contact with intestinal epithelium for extended periods of time and actually penetrate it, through and between cells. Thus, once loaded with compounds of pharmacological interest, the microspheres could be developed as delivery systems to transfer biologically active molecules to the circulation. Thus it has proved to be better alternative for the formulation of several drugs. In this review it has clearly mentioned about the different methods for the formulation of microspheres along with their evaluation methods.

Key words: micro spheres, drug loading, drug release.