Diabetes is a clinical syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Recent decades have experienced a sharp increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. One antidiabetic therapeutic approach is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose production and absorption through the inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzymes such as α- amylase and α-glucosidase and α-amylase. Inhibition of amylase and glucosidase enzymes involved in digestion of carbohydrates can significantly decrease the post prandial increase of blood glucose after a mixed carbohydrate diet and therefore can be an important strategy in management of blood glucose.The aim of the current study was to screen the water, hydroalcholic, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of stem of Ficus tinctoria for its in vitro antidiabetic activity. The in vitro studies for alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory action were performed using different concentrations of the extracts and the results were compared with that of a standard drug. Our findings revealed that among all the extracts, hydroalcholic and ethyl acetate extracts showed efficient anti-diabetic activity. Ethyl acetate extract of Ficus tinctoria stems has shown an IC50 value 229 μg/ml for alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. The same extract was found to have an IC50 value 79.60 μg/ml for alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Hydro alchlolic stem extract of Ficus tinctoria has shown an IC50 value 96.49 μg/ml for alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and an IC50 value 340 μg/ml for alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. Key words: Ficus tinctoria, ethyl acetate, Diabetes mellitus, anti-diabetic, hydroalcholic, methanolic, α-amylase, α-glucosidase.

There are various reasons for hepatitis and elevation of liver enzyme. Alcoholic liver disease leading to cirrhosis is the commonest cause of raised liver function. Apart from alcoholism various other conditions such as biliary tree pathologies, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease etc. can cause increase in liver enzyme levels. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a minor but significant cause of liver injury across all regions. The rationale for doing this study was to get better understanding of the distribution of hepatobiliary pathologies in Coimbatore. So that adequate care can be given for the prevention of the aetiology in the future. Hence we propose to perform this study. To find out the percentage of etiological causes of raised liver enzymes in a tertiary care Center. To find out the most common etiology among elevated liver enzymes. To correlate age and sex with the etiology of the elevated liver enzymes Methods and Materials: After ethics approval a cross sectional study was carried out. Through Hospital Information system patients with elevated liver enzymes were identified. Age, sex and diagnosis were recorded from their charts. 100 patients were recruited. There were 72% of males and 28% of females. There age of patients were ranging from 10-79 years. The most commonly occurring liver pathologies seen in this demographic were alcoholic hepatitis and viral hepatitis. sex distribution of alcoholic liver damage showed that only 5% of the patients were women. The most common viruses were found to be Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E in that order of incidence. Hepatitis B was the leading cause of viral hepatitis. Conclusion: Our study showed that the leading causes of elevated liver functions were alcoholic liver damage and viral hepatitis. Males are affected three times more by these diseases than women. It was found that the pattern of disease distribution and incidence of hepatic pathology in women was different from the pattern of distribution in men. This discrepancy may be attributed to lifestyle differences, local politics and societal pressures. The data set collected in our study was very wide and may be used for future studies to explore in detail. Key words: Elevated Liver Enzymes, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Alcoholic Liver Disease, Viral Hepatitis.

Acenocoumarol is a commonly used vitamin K antagonist. Its effect is is monitored by INR. But in many situations effectiveness and adverse effects do not correlate with INR. In this study we aimed to find out the effect of age and sex on the trough and peak levels of 2 mg of Acenocoumarol. After ethics approvals and Patients who were satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were recruited after written informed consent either in English or Tamil. Age, and sex of the participants were noted. 2 ml of blood samples were collected for measuring trough and Cmax levels. By using High performance liquid chromatography Concentration of Acenocoumarol was measured. student t test was used to find out the relation between Sex and Plasma concentration of trough and Cmax of Acenocoumarol, One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare trough and Cmax plasma concentration of Acenocoumarol of patients with Age groups, Pearson correlation was done to find out the correlation between age and trough and Cmax concentrations of Acenocoumarol. Totally 56 patients were recruited, In that 50% were males and 50% were females, At 5 % level of significance there were no difference between males and female with trough levels of Acenocoumarol, At 5 % level of significance there were no difference between males and female with Cmax levles of Acenocoumarol. Patients were divided into three categories based on age 19-45years, 46-52 years, 53 to 88 years. At 5 % level of significance there were no difference between different age groups and trough values. At 5 % level of significance there were no difference between different age groups and Cmax values. There were no correlation between different age groups and trough values. There were no correlation between different age groups and Cmax values. Our study indicated that there is no significant difference in the trough and Cmax concentration of Acenocoumarol between Sex and different age groups. However it has to be confirmed with larger samples. Key words: Significance, Acenocoumarol, Concentration.

The aim of the present study was to develop sustained release formulation of Cefprozil to maintain constant therapeutic levels of the drug for over 12 hrs. Various natural polymers such as Guar gum, karaya gum and locust bean gum were employed as polymers. Cefprozil dose was fixed as 500 mg. Total weight of the tablet was considered as 750 mg. Polymers were used in the concentration of 62.5 mg and 125 mg concentration. All the formulations were passed various physicochemical evaluation parameters and they were found to be within limits. Whereas from the dissolution studies it was evident that the formulation (F6) showed better and desired drug release pattern i.e.,96.10 % in 12 hours. It followed zero order release kinetics mechanism. Key words: Cefprozil, Guar gum, Gum karaya and Sustained release tablets.

Losartan potassium used as antihypertensive drug but it goes under first pass metabolism due do which it has low bioavailability. Fast onset of action is major concern in the management of hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study was to formulate mouth dissolving tablet of losartan potassium to improve its bioavailability, to achieve fast onset of action and increase patient compliance. Mouth dissolving tablets were prepared by direct compression method using natural super disintegrating agent (banana powder & apple pectin) and evaluated for precompression parameters and post compression parameters such as appearance, dimensions, hardness, weight variation, friability, wetting time ,dispersion time, water absorption ratio, disintegration & dissolution study. According to results of optimized batches it has been concluded that formulation batch F9 was an ideal batch which contain banana powder (2.5%) & cross povidone (2.5%) showed least disintegration time that is 26 seconds & maximum drug releases of (99.68%) within 12 minutes and was best among all the formulations. Key words: Losartan Potassium, Mouth dissolving tablets, super disintegrating agent.